Research Article
Keplerian Rotation Curve of the Milky Way
Bernard Colenbrander*
,
Willem Hulscher
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, August 2024
Pages:
52-56
Received:
5 August 2024
Accepted:
4 September 2024
Published:
23 September 2024
Abstract: Use is made from the data from the Gaia satellite of 2013, which measured the rotation of our galactic system by parallax measurements. This implies that the rotation velocities were measured directly without applying the Doppler effect. The results from Gaia allow for a new understanding of flat rotation curves of galactic systems. The study uses earlier findings that the G measurements collected by CODATA show that the gravitational constant G is not a universal constant of nature, but depends on the distance to the center of a mass. At a place where G is larger, the inert mass of, for example, an electron will be larger. This leads to the concept of gravitational spectrum shift. It implies that the emitted spectrum of a star depends on its location within its galacticum. A different spectrum means a different redshift and that implies that the Doppler method for measuring the rotational velocities of stars generally provides wrong data. From available literature the Milky Way rotation curves for conditions with low as well as high accelerations are considered. The two different cases are the nearby solar region and a region far away from the galactic center. Within the solar region all spectra originate with the same G value as near the Sun, and therefore the Doppler method can safely be used. This is different for the case far away from the galactic center, where the impact of the center of mass of the Milky Way on G is small. The conclusions, which have been obtained by analyzing available data, lead to flat rotation curves with a Keplerian decline without introducing dark matter.
Abstract: Use is made from the data from the Gaia satellite of 2013, which measured the rotation of our galactic system by parallax measurements. This implies that the rotation velocities were measured directly without applying the Doppler effect. The results from Gaia allow for a new understanding of flat rotation curves of galactic systems. The study uses ...
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Research Article
Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, August 2024
Pages:
57-63
Received:
24 July 2024
Accepted:
12 August 2024
Published:
29 September 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12
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Abstract: Applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF), this study investigated the elemental analysis and heavy metal contents in five Senegalese powdered milk samples (V1, L1, H1, G1, and D1). The primary focus was on Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), and Chlorine (Cl), with special attention given to the compliance of these elements with safety standards. The analysis revealed that Aluminum was either absent or present in minimal quantities across all samples, suggesting that the powdered milk is largely free from this element. Calcium levels were found to be consistently higher than the Acceptable Maximum Level (AML) across all samples, with the H1 sample significantly exceeding the AML by approximately 11.1 times, with a concentration of 27,745.06 ± 310.16 ppm. This indicates a potential risk of excessive calcium intake from this sample. Potassium concentrations varied significantly; while the V1 sample remained within acceptable limits, the G1 sample exhibited potassium levels substantially above the AML, reaching 51,058.15 ± 456.13 ppm, which could pose health concerns if consumed in large quantities. Chlorine concentrations generally met the AML, except for the G1 sample, which slightly surpassed the limit at 3631.04 ± 31.23 ppm. The phosphorus content in the H1 sample was notably high, though further details are needed to fully assess its implications. The study underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring of heavy metal and elemental levels in powdered milk to ensure consumer safety.
Abstract: Applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF), this study investigated the elemental analysis and heavy metal contents in five Senegalese powdered milk samples (V1, L1, H1, G1, and D1). The primary focus was on Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), and Chlorine (Cl), with special attention given to the compliance of these elements with s...
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