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Research/Technical Note
Review on Second Quantum Revolution Its Opportunities and Challenges
Takele Teshome Somano*
,
Mahmud Seid,
Lakachew Chanie
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2024
Pages:
79-89
Received:
31 October 2024
Accepted:
2 December 2024
Published:
23 December 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20241306.11
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Abstract: This review explores the Second Quantum Revolution, which builds on the foundations of the first to advance quantum science and technology significantly. We examine the diverse fields under this revolution, including quantum information technologies, quantum electromechanical systems, coherent quantum electronics, quantum optics, and coherent matter technologies. Assess the societal and ethical implications of the second quantum revolution and provide insights into its potential impact on various sectors, including healthcare, finance, communication, and technology, the knowledge dissemination and awareness of the second quantum revolution. The review emphasizes the transformative potential of these advancements for the economy, computing, and communication networks. Additionally, we address the critical challenges that must be overcome, such as the development of fault-tolerant quantum systems and the seamless integration of quantum and classical technologies. Ethical considerations related to privacy, security, and societal impacts are also discussed, highlighting the need for a thoughtful reevaluation of quantum technology's role in modern society. Ultimately, this review outlines the immense opportunities presented by the Second Quantum Revolution while providing insights into the multifaceted challenges it faces, setting the stage for future research and innovation in this groundbreaking field.
Abstract: This review explores the Second Quantum Revolution, which builds on the foundations of the first to advance quantum science and technology significantly. We examine the diverse fields under this revolution, including quantum information technologies, quantum electromechanical systems, coherent quantum electronics, quantum optics, and coherent matte...
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Research Article
Scalar Field, Quantum Numbers, and Charges in Physics
Petro Oleksiyovych Kondratenko*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2024
Pages:
90-101
Received:
20 October 2024
Accepted:
5 December 2024
Published:
25 December 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20241306.12
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Abstract: Based on consideration of the hierarchy of the Universe within the framework of the model of creation of the Universe with minimum initial entropy (UMIE), it is shown that the Universe has a hierarchical structure with 7 levels: 1 - Elementary particles, 2 - Atomic nuclei, 3 - Atoms, molecules, molecular systems, plasma, 4 - Planetary systems, 5 - Star systems, 6 - Cluster of galaxies, 7 - Metagalaxy. Each hierarchical level corresponds to its own physical interaction (Weak, Strong, Electromagnetic, Gravitational I, Gravitational II, Gravitational III, and Gravitational IV) and corresponding charges (leptons, baryons, electrically charged particles, and reduced masses as charges of multi-dimensional gravitational interactions on the upper 4 hierarchical levels). It is shown that the first three types of interactions are realized exclusively in the Universe, while all gravitational interactions are multi-dimensional. It is shown that all physical interactions use the Scalar Field as the controlling field responsible for the manifestation of the interaction. It is shown that the value of the gravitational interaction constant between stars in a galaxy is greater, between galaxies in clusters is smaller, and between galaxy clusters is even smaller than for planetary systems. Such a fact can be interpreted as an addition of repulsive forces between galaxy clusters.
Abstract: Based on consideration of the hierarchy of the Universe within the framework of the model of creation of the Universe with minimum initial entropy (UMIE), it is shown that the Universe has a hierarchical structure with 7 levels: 1 - Elementary particles, 2 - Atomic nuclei, 3 - Atoms, molecules, molecular systems, plasma, 4 - Planetary systems, 5 - ...
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Research Article
Unification of Maxwell Systems, Einstein, and Dirac Equations in Pseudo-Riemannian Space R1,3 by Clifford Algebra
Alimzhan Kholmuratovich Babaev*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2024
Pages:
102-111
Received:
23 November 2024
Accepted:
6 December 2024
Published:
25 December 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20241306.13
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Abstract: This paper presents the unification of Einstein's equations, Maxwell’s equation systems, and Dirac's equation for three generations of particles in the R1,3 pseudo-Riemannian space with torsion. The use of Dirac matrices as an orthonormal basis (in general, as a canonical basis) on the tangent plane permits the replacement of vectors with second-rank tensors. The symmetric component of the differential form DA (D•A, where D is the Dirac operator, A is the tensor field, and • is the inner product) represents the deformation of the field, while the antisymmetric one (DɅA, Ʌ is the outer product) denotes the torsion. The differentiation of DA (i.e., DDA) yields an equation from which both Einstein's equation and the two independent Maxwell systems can be derived. The differentiation of the field deformation D(D•A), that is, the gradient of the field divergence, yields a four-dimensional current. This four-current formulation results in nonlinearity in the inhomogeneous Maxwell's equations. In particular, the four-current J is not a constant in the inhomogeneous system of Maxwell's equations, D•F = J. In accordance with this definition, a field singularity is defined as a source of current, or alternatively described as a "hole," which is a necessary component for the existence of the field. The description of field inhomogeneity (DA) in the form of biquaternions through complex hyperbolic functions in R1,3 permits the decomposition of DA into three pairs of spinors–antispinors (spinor bundle). The differentiation of spinors and the subsequent determination of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions yield three pairs of Dirac-type equations that are applicable to both bosons and fermions, which describe the fundamental particles of the three generations. The solution of Dirac-type equations in pseudo-Euclidean space for massless particles (eigenvalues m = 0) unifies the photon and three generations of neutrinos (γ, νe, νμ, ντ) into a single entity, namely, a singlet (photon) + a triplet (three generations of neutrinos).
Abstract: This paper presents the unification of Einstein's equations, Maxwell’s equation systems, and Dirac's equation for three generations of particles in the R1,3 pseudo-Riemannian space with torsion. The use of Dirac matrices as an orthonormal basis (in general, as a canonical basis) on the tangent plane permits the replacement of vectors with second-ra...
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